文献リスト

1）Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH, et al. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinsonʼs disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5: 235-45

2）Gaenslen A, Wurster I, Brockmann K, et al. Prodromal features for Parkinsonʼs disease--baseline data from the TREND study. Eur J Neurol. 2014; 21: 766-72

3）Gaenslen A, Swid I, Liepelt-Scarfone I, et al. The patientsʼ perception of prodromal symptoms before the initial diagnosis of Parkinsonʼs disease. Mov Disord. 2011; 26: 653-8

4）厚生省特定疾患・神経変性疾患調査研究班（班長: 柳沢信夫）．1995年度研究報告書: 1996. p.22

5）Tolosa E, Gaig C, Santamaria J, et al. Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2009; 72: s12-20

6）Parnetti L, Castrioto A, Chiasserini D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013; 9: 131-40

7）Braak H, Del Treidici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinsonʼs disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003; 24: 197-211

8）Dickson DW, Braak H, Duda JE, et al. Neuropathological assessment of Parkinsonʼs disease: refining the diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2009; 8: 1150-7

9）Hawkes CH, Del Tredici K, Braak H. Parkinsonʼs disease: the dual-hit hypothesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2007; 33: 599-614

10）Hawkes CH, Del Tredici K, Braak H. Parkinsonʼs disease: the dual-hit theory revisited. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2009; 1170: 615-22

11）Iranzo A, Gelpi E, Tolosa E, et al. Neuropathology of prodromal Lewy body disease. Mov Disord. 2014; 29: 410-5

12）Siderowf A, Lang AE. Premotor Parkinsonʼs disease: concepts and definitions. Mov Disord. 2012; 27: 608-16

13）Hawkes CH. The prodromal phase of sporadic Parkinsonʼs disease: does it exist and if so how long is it? Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 1799-807

14）Hilker R, Schweitzer K, Coburger S, et al. Nonlinear progression of Parkinson disease as determined by serial positron emission tomographic imaging of striatal fluorodopa F 18 activity. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 378-82

15）Haehner A, Boesveldt S, Berendse HW, et al. Prevalence of smell loss in Parkinsonʼs disease--a multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009; 15: 490-4

16）Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Abbott RD, et al. Association of olfactory dysfunction with risk for future Parkinsonʼs disease. Ann Neurol. 2008; 63: 167-73

17）Baba T, Kikuchi A, Kazumi H, et al. Severe olfactory dysfunction is a prodromal symptom of dementia associated with Parkinsonʼs disease a 3 year longitudinal study. Brain. 2012; 135; 161-9

18）Funabe S, Takao M, Saito Y, et al. Neuropathologic analysis of Lewy-related α-synucleinopathy in olfactory mucosa. Neuropathology. 2013; 33: 47-58

19）Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW, et al. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology. 1996; 46: 388-93

20）Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Santamaria J, et al. Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study. Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5: 572-7

21）Claassen DO, Josephs KA, Ahlskog JE, et al. REM sleep behavior disorder preceding other aspects of synucleinopathies by up to half a century. Neurology. 2010; 75: 494-9

22）Kaye J, Gage H, Kimber A, et al. Excess burden of constipation in Parkinsonʼs disease: a pilot study. Mov Disord. 2006; 8: 1270-3

23）Ashraf W, Pfeiffer RF, Park F, et al. Constipation in Parkinsonʼs disease: objective assessment and response to psyllium. Mov Disord. 1997; 12: 946-51

24）Siddiqui MF, Rast S, Lynn MJ, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinsonʼs disease: a comprehensive symptom survey. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2002; 8: 277-84

25）Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinsonʼs disease. Neurology. 2001; 57: 456-62

26）Ravina B, Camicioli R, Como PG, et al. The impact of depressive symptoms in early Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007; 69: 342-7

27）Reijnders JS, Ehrt U, Weber WE, et al. A systematic review of prevalence of studies of depression in Parkinsonʼs disease. Mov Disord. 2008; 23: 183-9

28）Schuurman AG, van den Akker M, Ensinck KT, et al. Increased risk of Parkinsonʼs disease after depression: a retrospective cohort study. Neurology. 2002; 58: 1501-4

29）Maetzler W, Hausdorff JM. Motor signs in the prodromal phase of Parkinsonʼs disease. Mov Disord. 2012; 27: 627-33

30）Bennett DA, Beckett LA, Murray AM, et al. Prevalence of parkinsonian signs and associated mortality in a community population of older people. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 71-6

31）Tokuda T, Salem SA, Allsop D, et al. Decleased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinsonʼs disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006; 349: 162-6

32）Mollenhauer B, Locascio JJ, Schulz-Schaeffer W. α-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10: 230-40

33）Tateno F, Sakakibara R, Kawai T. Alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid differentiates synucleinopathies (Parkinson Disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy) from Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2012; 26: 213-6

34）Tokuda T, Quereshi MM, Ardah MT, et al. Detection of elevated levels of α-synuclein oligomers in CSF from patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010; 75: 1766-72

35）Parnetti L, Chiasserini D, Persichetti E, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid lysosomal enzymes and α-synuclein in Parkinsonʼs disease. Mov Disord. 2014; 29: 1019-27

36）Booth TC, Nathan M, Waldman AD, et al. The Role of Functional Dopamine-Transporter SPECT Imaging in Parkinsonian Syndromes, Part 1. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Jun 5. [Epub ahead of print]

37）Marek K, Seibyl J, Eberly S, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of SWEDD subjects in the PRECEPT Study. Neurology. 2014; 82: 1791-7

38）Siderowf A, Stern MB. Premotor Parkinsonʼs disease: clinical features, detection, and prospects for treatment. Ann Neurol. 2008; 64 Suppl 2: S139-47

39）Becker G, Seufert J, Bogdahn U, et al. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinsonʼs disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography. Neurology. 1995; 45: 182-4

40）Berg D, Seppi K, Behnke S, et al. Enlarged substantia nigra hyperechogenicity and risk for Parkinson disease: a 37-month 3-center study of 1847 older persons. Arch Neurol. 2011; 68: 932-7

41）Berg D, Behnke S, Seppi K, et al. Enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra as a risk maker for Parkinsonʼs disease. Mov Disord. 2013; 28: 216-9

42）Walter U, Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, et al. Contemporary ultrasound systems allow high-resolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study. Neuroimage. 2008; 40: 551-8

43）Ruprecht-Dörfler P, Berg D, Tucha O, et al. Echogenicity of the substantia nigra in relatives of patients with sporadic Parkinsonʼs disease. Neuroimage. 2003; 18: 416-22

44）Okawa M, Miwa H, Kajimoto Y, et al. Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra in Japanese patients with Parkinsonʼs disease or atypical parkinsonism: clinical potential and limitations. Intern Med. 2007; 46: 1527-31

45）Walter U. Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity is a risk marker of Parkinsonʼs disease: no. J Neural Transm. 2011; 118: 607-12

46）Iranzo A, Lomeña F, Stockner H, et al. Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study [corrected]. Lancet Neurol. 2010; 9: 1070-7

47）Berg D, Godau J, Seppi K, et al. The PRIPS study: screening battery for subjects at risk for Parkinsonʼs disease. Eur J Neurol. 2013; 20: 102-8

48）Lerche S, Seppi K, Behnke S, et al. Risk factors and prodromal markers and the development of Parkinsonʼs disease. J Neurol. 2014; 261: 180-7

NPO医学中央雑誌刊行会 https://www.jamas.or.jp/ info@jamas.or.jp