|
1) Weismann RE, Tobin RW. Arterial embolism occurring during systemic heparin therapy. AMA Arch Surg. 1958; 76: 219-25; discussion 225-7
|
|
|
|
2) Rhodes GR, Dixon RH, Silver D. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia: eight cases with thrombotic-hemorrhagic complications. Ann Surg. 1977; 186: 752-8
|
|
|
|
|
|
3) Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 1992; 68: 95-6
|
|
|
|
|
|
4) Warkentin TE. Drug-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia-from purpura to thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 891-3
|
|
|
|
|
5) Von Drygalski A, Curtis BR, Bougie DW, et al. Vancomycin-induced immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 904-10
|
|
|
|
|
|
6) Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, et al. Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2005; 105: 131-8
|
|
|
|
|
|
7) Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2005; 106: 2710-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
8) Reilly MP, Taylor SM, Hartman NK, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis in a transgenic mouse model requires human platelet factor 4 and platelet activation through Fc gamma RIIA. Blood. 2001; 98: 2442-7
|
|
|
|
|
|
9) Rauova L, Zhai L, Kowalska MA, et al. Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood. 2006; 107: 2346-53
|
|
|
|
|
|
10) Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996; 101: 502-7
|
|
|
|
|
|
11) Greinacher A, Farner B, Kroll H, et al. Clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia including risk factors for thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients. Thromb Haemost. 2005; 94: 132-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
12) Makhoul RG, Greenberg CS, McCann RL. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: a serious clinical problem and potential solution. J Vasc Surg. 1986; 4: 522-8
|
|
|
|
|
|
13) Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1286-92
|
|
|
|
|
|
14) Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 135: 502-6
|
|
|
|
|
|
15) Mims MP, Manian P, Rice L. Acute cardiorespiratory collapse from heparin: a consequence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol. 2004; 72: 366-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
16) Francis JL, Palmer GJ, 3rd, Moroose R, et al. Comparison of bovine and porcine heparin in heparin antibody formation after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 75: 17-22
|
|
|
|
|
|
17) Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Horsewood P, et al. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2000; 96: 1703-8
|
|
|
|
|
|
18) Pouplard C, May MA, Regina S, et al. Changes in platelet count after cardiac surgery can effectively predict the development of pathogenic heparin-dependent antibodies. Br J Haematol. 2005; 128: 837-41
|
|
|
|
|
|
19) Warkentin TE, Roberts RS, Hirsh J, et al. An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 2518-24
|
|
|
|
|
|
20) Warkentin TE, Heddle NM. Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2003; 2: 148-57
|
|
|
|
|
|
21) Lo GK, Juhl D, Warkentin TE, et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost. 2006; 4: 759-65
|
|
|
|
|
|
22) Pouplard C, Gueret P, Fouassier M, et al. Prospective evaluation of the ‘4Ts' score and particle gel immunoassay specific to heparin/PF4 for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2007; 5: 1373-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
23) Greinacher A, Juhl D, Strobel U, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of antiplatelet factor 4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes. J Thromb Haemost. 2007; 5: 1666-73
|
|
|
|
|
|
24) Amiral J, Marfaing-Koka A, Wolf M, et al. Presence of autoantibodies to interleukin-8 or neutrophil-activating peptide-2 in patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1996; 88: 410-6
|
|
|
|
|
|
25) Regnault V, de Maistre E, Carteaux JP, et al. Platelet activation induced by human antibodies to interleukin-8. Blood. 2003; 101: 1419-21
|
|
|
|
|
|
26) Pouplard C, Amiral J, Borg JY, et al. Decision analysis for use of platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-serotonin release assay, and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999; 111: 700-6
|
|
|
|
|
|
27) Zwicker JI, Uhl L, Huang WY, et al. Thrombosis and ELISA optical density values in hospitalized patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2004; 2: 2133-7
|
|
|
|
|
|
28) Verma AK, Levine M, Shalansky SJ, et al. Frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in critical care patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 23: 745-53
|
|
|
|
|
|
29) Crowther MA, Cook DJ, Meade MO, et al. Thrombocytopenia in medical-surgical critically ill patients: prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. J Crit Care. 2005; 20: 348-53
|
|
|
|
|
|
30) Williams RT, Damaraju LV, Mascelli MA, et al. Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies: an independent predictor of 30-day myocardial infarction after acute coronary ischemic syndromes. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2307-12
|
|
|
|
|
|
31) Bennett-Guerrero E, Slaughter TF, White WD, et al. Preoperative anti-PF4/heparin antibody level predicts adverse outcome after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005; 130: 1567-72
|
|
|
|
|
|
32) Kress DC, Aronson S, McDonald ML, et al. Positive heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody complex and cardiac surgical outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83: 1737-43
|
|
|
|
|
|
33) Kadidal VV, Mayo DJ, Horne MK. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) due to heparin flushes: a report of three cases. J Intern Med. 1999; 246: 325-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
34) Rice L, Jackson D. Can heparin cause clotting？ Heart Lung. 1981; 10: 331-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
35) Greinacher A, Eichler P, Lubenow N, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thromboembolic complications: meta-analysis of 2 prospective trials to assess the value of parenteral treatment with lepirudin and its therapeutic aPTT range. Blood. 2000; 96: 846-51
|
|
|
|
|
|
36) Warkentin TE, Elavathil LJ, Hayward CP, et al. The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127: 804-12
|
|
|
|
|
|
37) Arepally GM, Ortel TL. Clinical practice. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 809-17
|
|
|
|
|
|
38) Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 1330-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
39) Magnani HN. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT): an overview of 230 patients treated with orgaran (Org 10172). Thromb Haemost. 1993; 70: 554-61
|
|
|
|
|
|
40) Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004; 126(3 Suppl): 311S-37S
|
|
|
|
|
|
41) Ichikawa M, Oue M, Okamoto A, et al. A case of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with unexpected excessive argatroban anticoagulation after abdominal aortic aneurysm resection. Masui. 2006; 55: 188-92
|
|
|
|
|
42) Reichert MG, MacGregor DA, Kincaid EH, Dolinski SY. Excessive argatroban anticoagulation for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother. 2003; 37: 652-4
|
|
|
|
|
|
43) Beiderlinden M, Treschan TA, Gorlinger K, et al. Argatroban anticoagulation in critically ill patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 749-54
|
|
|
|
|
|
44) Kuo KH, Kovacs MJ. Fondaparinux: a potential new therapy for HIT. Hematology. 2005; 10: 271-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
45) Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, et al. Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood. 2005; 106: 3791-6
|
|
|
|
|
|
46) Savi P, Chong BH, Greinacher A, et al. Effect of fondaparinux on platelet activation in the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies: a blinded comparative multicenter study with unfractionated heparin. Blood. 2005; 105: 139-44
|
|
|
|
|
|
47) Warkentin TE, Maurer BT, Aster RH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with fondaparinux. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356: 2653-5; discussion 2653-5
|
|
|
|
|
|
48) Potzsch B, Klovekorn WP, Madlener K. Use of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 515
|
|
|
|
|
|
49) Koster A, Dyke CM, Aldea G, et al. Bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with previous or acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin antibodies: results of the CHOOSE-ON trial. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 83: 572-7
|
|
|
|
|
|
50) Dyke CM, Aldea G, Koster A, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass with bivalirudin for patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or antiplatelet factor four/heparin antibodies. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007; 84: 836-9
|
|
|
|
|
|
51) Matsuo T, Kusano H, Wanaka K, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a uremic patient requiring hemodialysis: an alternative treatment and reexposure to heparin. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2007; 13: 182-7
|
|
|
|
|